Abstract

Materials/methods – Through synthesis of information retrieved from multiple secondary sources, this article presents general data on popular forms of Vietnamese international migration which include labor export programs, family streams, human trafficking, transnational marriages, and studying abroad.

Keywords: international migration data from Vietnam, labor migration, transnational marriage, family migration, skilled migration, international student mobility

Alperin, E., & Batalova, J. (2018, September 13). Vietnamese immigrants in the US. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/vietnamese-immigrants-united-states-5#:~:text=In%202017%2C%20more%20than%201.3,born%20group%20in%20the%20country.

Blue Dragon. (2021). Human trafficking and traffickers in Vietnam. https://www.bluedragon.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Blue-Dragon-Profile-of-trafficking-in-Vietnam.pdf

BMI. (2019) BMI market report - Vietnam. https://bmiglobaled.com/Market-Reports/Vietnam/student-recruitment#:~:text=Education%20Minister%20Phung%20Xuan%20Nha%20said%20at%20the%20end%20of,125%2C000%2B%20in%202013

Chan, Y. W., & Tran, T. L. T. (2011). Recycling migration and changing nationalisms: The Vietnamese return diaspora and reconstruction of Vietnamese nationhood. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(7), 1101-1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2011.572486

Chieu, H. (2022, August 27). Xuất khẩu lao động - 40 năm giải bài toán việc làm [Labor export: 40 years’ solutions to the employment math exercise] [in Vietnamese]. VnExpress. https://vnexpress.net/xuat-khau-lao-dong-40-nam-giai-bai-toan-viec-lam-4503039.html

Consular Department – Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2017). Hồ sơ di cư [Migration profile] [in Vietnamese]. https://vietnam.iom.int/sites/default/files/IOM_Files/Migration_Data_Reports/Ho_So_Di_Cu_VN2016.pdf

de Beer, J., Raymer, J., van der Erf, R., & van Wissen, L. (2010). Overcoming the problems of inconsistent international migration data: A new method applied to flows in Europe. European Journal of Population, 26(4), 459-481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-010-9220-z

Department of Home Affairs. (2022). Country profile – Vietnam. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/statistics/country-profiles/profiles/vietnam

Department of State. (2020a). Annual Report of Immigrant Visa Applicants in the Family-sponsored and Employment-based preferences Registered at the National Visa Center as of November 1, 2020. https://travel.state.gov/content/dam/visas/Statistics/Immigrant-Statistics/WaitingList/WaitingListItem_2020_vF.pdf

Department of State. (2020b). 2020 trafficking in persons report: Vietnam. https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/vietnam/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Ministry%20of,more%20than%20500%20in%202017.

Dorais, L. J. (2004). Vietnamese in Canada. In C. Ember (Eds.), Encyclopedia of diasporas: Immigrant and refugee cultures around the world (pp. 1149-1158). Springer.

Harjanto, H., & Batalova, J. (2021, October 15). Vietnamese immigrants in the US. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/vietnamese-immigrants-united-states#:~:text=The%201.4%20million%20Vietnamese%20immigrants,U.S.%20immigrants%20as%20of%202019.

Hong, K. T. (2021). Sending more or sending better care workers abroad? A dilemma of Viet Nam’s labor exporting strategy. In O. Komazawa & Y. Saito (Eds.), Coping with rapid population ageing in Asia (pp. 102-125). ERIA

Hou, F. (2020). The resettlement of Vietnamese refugees across Canada over three decades. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(21), 4817-4834. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1724412

Hung, D. (2022, September 2). Bi kịch phía sau dòng ngoại tệ [Tragedies behind foreign exchange]. [in Vietnamese]. VnExpress. https://vnexpress.net/bi-kich-phia-sau-dong-ngoai-te-4505990.html

International Consultants for Education and Fairs. (2014). Number of Vietnamese students abroad up 15% in 2013.https://monitor.icef.com/2014/11/number-vietnamese-students-abroad-15-2013/

International Labor Organization. (2019). Triangle in ASEAN quarterly briefing notes. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/genericdocument/wcms_614384.pdf

International Organization for Migration. (2017). Vietnam migration profile 2016. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/mp_vietnam.pdf

International Organization for Migration. (2019). Key migration terms. https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms

International Organization for Migration. (2020). World migration report 2020. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/wmr_2020.pdf

International Organization for Migration. (2021). Asia-Pacific migration data report 2021. https://publications.iom.int/books/asia-pacific-migration-data-report-2021

International Organization for Migration. (2022). World migration report 2022. https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/

Joy, A. (2018, March 5). Vietnamese Canadians. The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/vietnamese

Kandel, W. A. (2018). U.S. family-based immigration policy. Congressional Research Service. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/homesec/R43145.pdf

Khoo, S.-E. (2008). The context of spouse migration to Australia. International Migration, 39(1), 111-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00137

Lindsay, C. (2001). The Vietnamese community in Canada. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2006002-eng.pdf?st=DnLCF_L7

Luo, N. (2017, August 16). Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, and South Korea remap regional student flows. World Education News and Reviews. https://wenr.wes.org/2017/08/global-mobility-japan-malaysia-taiwan-and-south-korea-seek-to-shift-student-mobility-by-2025

Mendicino, M. E. L. (2019). 2019 Annual report to Parliament on migration. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/annual-report-2019.pdf

Nguyen, C. H. (2013). Vietnamese international student mobility: Past and current trends. Asian Education and Development Studies, 2(2), 127-148. https://doi.org/10.1108/20463161311321411

Nguyen, C. H. (2014). Development and brain drain: A review of Vietnamese labor export and skilled migration. Migration and Development Journal, 3(2), 181-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2014.883243

Nguyen, C. H. (2021). Migration data from Vietnam to popular destinations. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 12(10), 1803-1816. https://www.tojqi.net/index.php/journal/article/view/7754/5499

Nguyen, T. H. Y. (2019). Challenges in ensuring the rights of Vietnamese migrant workers in the globalization context – the two sides of the development process. In S. Lee & H. E. Lee (Eds.), Asian Year Book of International Law, Vol. 25 (pp. 154-184). Brill/Nijhoff. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004501249_008

Quy, N. (2018, October 16). The number of Vietnamese students in South Korea grow the fastest in the world. VnExpress. https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/number-of-vietnamese-students-in-south-korea-grow-fastest-in-the-world-3824515.html

Statista Research Department. (2020). Number of foreign residents from Vietnam living in Japan from 1984 to 2018 (in 1,000s). https://www.statista.com/statistics/876481/japan-vietnamese-foreign-resident-numbers/

United Nations Population Fund Vietnam. (2020). Population and housing census in 2019. https://vietnam.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/migration_and_urbanization_factsheet_vie_0.pdf

Vietnam News. (2022, March 19). Vietnam, Malaysia seek to boost trade ties. https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/1165766/vietnam-malaysia-seek-to-boost-trade-ties.html#:~:text=There%20are%20more%20than%201%2C000,on%20tourism%20partnership%20in%201994.

Vietnam’s Association of Manpower Supply. (2021). Số liệu lao động đi làm việc tại nước ngoài 11 tháng năm 2021 [Statistics on labor migration in 11 months in 2021]. [in Vietnamese]. https://vamas.com.vn/so-lieu-lao-dong-di-lam-viec-o-nuoc-ngoai-11-thang-nam-2020_t221c655n44836

Vietnam’s Institute for Gender and Family Studies. (2015). Hội nghị toàn quốc về hôn nhân và gia đình có yếu tố nước ngoài [National conference on transnational marriages and families]. [in Vietnamese]. ifgs.vass.gov.vn/Tin-hoat-dong/Hoi-nghi-toan-quoc-ve-hon-nhan-va-gia-dinh-co-yeu-to-nuoc-ngoai-100615.html IN

Vietnam’s Population Office. (2022). Vietnam’s population. https://danso.org/viet-nam/

Viviani, N. (1984). The long journey: Vietnamese migration and settlement in Australia. Melbourne University Press.

Wickramasinghe, A. A. I. N., & Wimalaratana, W. (2016). International migration and migration theories. Social Affairs: A Journal for the Social Sciences, 1(5), 13-32.